Kemal Atatürk [1] (or alternatively composed as Kamâl Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Pasha [a] up until 1934, frequently described as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; [b] 1881 [c]-- 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, innovative statesman, author, and the founder of the Republic of Turkey, working as its very first President from 1923 till his death in 1938. His kindhearted dictatorship carried out sweeping progressive reforms, which updated Turkey into a secular, industrial nation.Ideologically a secularist and nationalist, his policies and theories ended up being known as Kemalism. Due to his military and political accomplishments, Atatürk is concerned according to research studies as one of the best leaders of the 20th century.
Atatürk concerned prominence for his function in protecting the Ottoman Turkish victory at the Fight of Gallipoli (1915) throughout World War I. Following the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, he led the Turkish National Movement, which resisted mainland Turkey's partition among the victorious Allied powers. Developing a provisional government in the present-day Turkish capital Ankara, he beat the forces sent out by the Allies, thus emerging triumphant from what was later referred to as the Turkish War of Self-reliance. He subsequently continued to abolish the run-down Ottoman Empire and announced the foundation of the Turkish Republic in its place.
As the president of the freshly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated an extensive program of political, financial, and cultural reforms with the ultimate objective of building a modern-day, progressive and secular nation-state. He made primary education totally free and mandatory, opening countless new schools all over the nation. He also introduced the Latin-based Turkish alphabet, replacing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Turkish females received equal civil and political rights throughout Atatürk's presidency ahead of lots of Western nations. [8] In particular, ladies were provided voting rights in local elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and a couple of years later, in 1934, complete universal suffrage, earlier than many other democracies in the world.
His government performed a policy of Turkicisation, trying to develop a homogeneous and unified country. Under Atatürk, non-Turkish minorities were pressed to speak Turkish in public, non-Turkish toponyms and last names of minorities had actually to be altered to Turkish renditions. The Turkish Parliament approved him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which implies "Daddy of the Turks", in recognition of the role he played in building the modern-day Turkish Republic. [16] He passed away on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace get more info in Istanbul, at the age of 57 he was been successful as President by his long-time Prime Minister İsmet İnönü [18] and was bestowed a state funeral service. His renowned mausoleum in Ankara, developed and opened in 1953, is surrounded by a park called the Peace Park in honor of his well-known expression "Peace at House, Peace worldwide".
In 1981, the centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the United Nations and UNESCO, which declared it The Atatürk Year worldwide and adopted the Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial, explaining him as "the leader of the first struggle offered versus colonialism and imperialism" and a "remarkable promoter of the sense of understanding in between individuals and durable peace between the countries of the world and that he worked all his life for the advancement of harmony and cooperation in between individuals without difference". [19] [20] Atatürk is celebrated by lots of memorials and locations named in his honor throughout Turkey and the world. Eleftherios Venizelos, former Prime Minister of Greece, forwarded Atatürk's name for the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize.